@article{oai:geitan.repo.nii.ac.jp:00001555,
 author = {Nootbaar, Julie Joy and Nootbaar, Julie Joy},
 journal = {大分県立芸術文化短期大学研究紀要},
 month = {Mar},
 note = {Charles Appleton Longfellow, son of the poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, traveled to early Meiji Japan in 1871 and stayed there for twenty months. During this time, he was invited on an expedition to Hokkaido and into the territory of the native Ainu people, a region off-limits to foreign travelers at this time, where he stayed for five weeks, including fifteen days in Ainu territory. His observations of the Ainu people and their language and customs contained in his journals and letters and published over a century later in 1998 in Charles Appleton Longfellow: Twenty Months in Japan, 1871-1873 by Christine Wallace Laidlaw, while brief and not meant for publication, offer some insight into contemporary Euro-American understanding of these native peoples. This paper examines his description of the Ainu people, their tattoos, their speaking and singing, and their salutations, in comparison to the account by Raphael Pumpelly who was in Hokkaido in 1862-3, and referencing the well-known writings of Isabella Bird and Edward Morse, who traveled separately to Hokkaido in 1878, to show the significance of Charley Longfellow’s observations of the Ainu people in 1871.},
 pages = {211--221},
 title = {Charles Appleton Longfellow’s Observations of the Ainu People in 1871 An examination of Longfellow’s journals and letters in comparison with the contemporary writings of Raphael Pumpelly and referencing the works of Isabella Bird and Edward Morse},
 volume = {54},
 year = {2017}
}